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ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ


ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื•ืขืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ - ื ื™ืœื™ ืขืจื‘ื”. ื”ืคืขื ืฆืขื“ื ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘-1909 ื•ืฉื•ื›ื ื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื ื•ื‘ืจืคืชื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ", ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื—ื›ื™ื.


ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉืœ"ืฆ ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืจื›ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืื—ืช: ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ ื•ืœื™ืื•ืจื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘-1923 ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืข"ื™ ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื•ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื›ื“ื ื”ื•ื ืืœื™.


ืืœื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•โ€ืจ ืขืžื•ืชืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื“ืงโ€ืง ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื’ื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ. ืืœื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคื—ืช ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื”. ื”ื•ื ืชืจื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ืกื‘ื• ื•ืกื‘ืชื•, ื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ืคืจ ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื ืจื‘ื ืฉืœื•. ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืžืชื™ืžืŸ ืขื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ื”, ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืงืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืขืœ.


ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจืงืจ
ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจืงืจ

ื›ืฉื—ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืขืฅ ืจื‘ ืขื ืคื™ื ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื. ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืืŸ ืจืง ืœืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ.

ืกื‘ื ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฆื“ื•ืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ (ื’ืคืœื”) + ื›ื“ื™ื”

ื‘ื ื: ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ + (ืžื“ื”ืœื”) ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืฉืžืขื”

ื‘ื ื: ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ + ื™ืคื” (ืขื–ืจ)

ื‘ื ื: ืืœื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ

ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื“ื•ืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ: ืื”ืจืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ - ืฆื™ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ - ืžืฉื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ - ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื›ื”ืŸ - ืืกืชืจ ื’'ื“ื”

ื‘ืŸ ืฆื“ื•ืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ (ื’ืคืœื”) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื“ืืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ (1871). ื‘ืฉื ืช 1909, ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืจื‘ ื˜ื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืกืขื™ื“ ืœื™ืคื• ื•ืžืฉื ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ืงืœืื™ ื‘ืคืจื“ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืจืžื™ื ื•ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื‘. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื”ืงื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช "ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ". ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-1963.

ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ: ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ - ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ - ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ - ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ - ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ - ืฉืœืžื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ - ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ


ืื”ืจืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื“ืืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ (1897). ื‘ืฉื ืช 1909 ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ืœื“, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื ื’ืจื™ื-ื—ื‘ืชื ื™ื. ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ืœืžื“ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™). ื›ืฉืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ืงื‘ ื’ื•ื™ืกื• ืœืฆื‘ื, ื ืฉืืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื ื’ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ืชืŸ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื ื’ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ืœืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•"ืœ. ื”ืคืš ื’ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืจื—ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื ืื•ืฉืจื• ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืœื ื—ืชื™ืžืชื•.


ื‘ืžืฉืš 55 ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื‘ ืขื“ ืœืคืจื™ืฉืชื•. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1961, ืขื ืคืจื™ืฉืชื•, ื”ื•ืขื ืงื” ืœื• ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘: "ืœืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืคื•ืขืœื ื• ื”ืžืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ืืžืŸ, ืœืื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืจื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืคืจื™ืฉืชื•, ืœืื—ืจ 55 ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืคืช - ืœืžื–ื›ืจืช, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ื•ืจืžื™ื" (ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืž"ื“, ื™ื•ืœื™ 1984).


ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขืกืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืขื ืคื”: ืขื–ืจื” ืœื ืฆืจื›ื™ื; ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช; ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื™ื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื; ื’ื‘ืื™ ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”; ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ; ืžืžืงื™ืžื™ "ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื" ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ; ื‘ืขืœ ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจ 4 ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื•; ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘"ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื“ื™ืฉื". ื‘ืžืฉืš 19 ืฉื ื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช 100 ืฉื ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืขืœ " ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช" ืฉืžื™ืœื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื”. ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘โ€”1985.


ืื™ืฉืชื• ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ (1903). ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ืช ืฉืฉ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1909, ืขืœืชื” ืœืืจืฅ, ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืขื ืื‘ื™ื” (ืืžื” ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ). ืื—ืจื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื” ืœืื”ืจืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื‘ -1923, ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ืžื™ืœืื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”: ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”. ื—ื‘ืฉื” ืคืฆืขื™ื ื•ืžื“ื“ื” ื—ื•ื; ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื, ืกื™ืคืงื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช; ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื ืฆืจื›ื™ื; ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื‘ืขืœื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช; ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืข"ืœ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืืกืฃ ื”ืจื•ืคื. ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘--1996.


ื‘ื ื ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ (1929-2010) ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™. ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืžื“ ื‘"ื—ื“ืจ" ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ ื“ืžืืจื™ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืคื•"ืž (ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืžื˜ื”) ื•ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™. ื‘ืŸ 14, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืžื›ื ื™ืช (ืืฆืœ ืงืœื•ืฆืžืŸ, ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืฉืช "ืื•ืงื‘ื”") ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœ"ื”ื’ื ื”". ืขืจื‘ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (1947), ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืžื›ื™"ื (ืžืคืงื“ื™ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช) ืžื—ืชืจืชื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— - "ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื". ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืœื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืกื’ืœ ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ื’ื•ื™ืก ืœื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ-ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืจื™ื, ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืขื•ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื "ืขื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ (1948), ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืงืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื‘ืขืชื™. ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ืคืจื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืฉื ืคืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื™ืขืงื‘, ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื•ืช, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื“ื "ืข ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื™ืœื ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1956. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื, ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคื™ื“ืื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืžื’"ื“ ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืœื ื™. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1971-1965 (ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืจื“ืคื™ื) ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971 ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (1973), ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืื•ื’ื“ืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืžื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1982 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืœ"ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืกื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1987 ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืืœื•ืฃ ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืœื ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืขืกืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืขืœืžืช ื™ืœื“ื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ. ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ืขืžื•ืชืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื”. ืกืคืจื™ื•: "ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ื”"; "ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆื—".


ื‘ื ื ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ. ื™ืœื“ื™ื•: ืืœื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ - ืฆื™ืœื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ - ืขื ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ - ืฆื“ื•ืง ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ - ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ.


ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘-1929. ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-1999. ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘"ื”ื’ื ื”". ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”"ื›ื•ื—" ืขื“ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช.


ืื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™, ืœื™ืื•ืจื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื ื• ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ืกืขื“ื™ื” ืฆืื™ืจื™ (ื›ื™ื ืจืชื™) ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-1905 ื‘ืฉื•ืขื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื ืžื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื›ื ืจืช ื‘-1912. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• (ื’ื•ืจืฉื•) ื”ืชื™ืžื ื™ื ืžื›ื ืจืช ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ืžืจืžื•ืจืง.


ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืœื™ืื•ืจื” ื•ืœืืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื”.


ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืจืงืจ



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